Adjudication of Private and Public Rights
Crowell v. Benson
Adjudication of private rights
1.    Fact-finding

        a.    Agencies can find non-jurisdictional facts in cases
              involving private rights as long as there is some
              judicial review (not necc. de novo).

        b.    Agencies can find jurisdictional facts in cases
               involving private rights if they can be reviewed by
               an Art. III court.

2.    Legal determinations

        a.    No answer

Northern Pipeline
Agencies can adjudicate claims involving a private right if:

1.    the right is created by statute and
2.    there is sufficient participation by an Art. III court.
       a.    Look at:
              i.    Powers given to the agency
              ii.   Role of Art. III court (powers)

Schor
An agency may be able to adjudicate a claim involving a
private right even though it is not created by statute.  The
court creates a functional test that focuses on:

1.    the extent to which essential attributes of judicial power
       are reserved to an Art. III court;
2.    the extent to which the agency exercises jurisdiction and
       powers of an Art. III court;
3.    public right v. private right;
4.    concerns that motivated Congress to give the agency the
       power to adjudicate the claim.

Nordberg

1.    For statutorily-created causes of action,
       a.    agencies may only adjudicate claims involving public
              rights, BUT
        b.   new definition of "public rights"
              i.    Test is vague, but probably focuses on the same
                    factors as Schor.

2.    For causes of action not created by statute,
       a.    Nordberg is silent.
       b.    Schor controls?